Austria-Hungary .281867-1918.29 History of the Jews in Hungary

1 austria-hungary (1867-1918)

1.1 family names
1.2 population statistics

1.2.1 1890 / 1900 / 1910 census summaries
1.2.2 1910 census

1.2.2.1 jewish population percentage of total in 1910

austria-hungary (1867-1918)
family names

most jews did not have family names before 1783. family names recorded jewish families:

1050: jászkonti
1263: farkas
1350: hosszú
16th century: cseh, jakab, gazdag, fekete, nagy, kis
1780: bárány, csonka, horpács, jónap, kohányi, kossuth, kosztolányi, lengyel, lőrincz, lukács, szarvas, szabó, varga.

emperor joseph ii believed germanization facilitate centralization of empire. beginning in 1783, ordered jews either choose or given german family names local committees. actions dependent on local conditions.

with rise of hungarian nationalism, first wave of magyarization of family names occurred between 1840 , 1849. after hungarian revolution, process stopped until 1867. after ausgleich, many jews changed family names german hungarian.

in 1942 during world war ii, when hungary became allied germany, hungarian defense ministry tasked race validation. officials complained no hungarian or german names safe, jews might have name. deemed slavic names safer , decree listed 58 slavic-sounding names regularly held jews.

population statistics
1890 / 1900 / 1910 census summaries

almost quarter (22.35%) of jews of hungary lived in budapest in 1910. of surviving large synagogues in budapest include following:

1910 census

according 1910 census, number of jews 911,227, or 4.99% of 18,264,533 people living in hungary (in addition, there 21,231 jews in autonomous croatia-slavonia). 28.7% increase in absolute terms since 1890 census, , 0.3% increase (from 4.7%) in overall population of hungary. @ time, jewish natural growth rate higher christian (although difference had been narrowing), emigration rate, united states. (the total emigration austria-hungary u.s. in 1881-1912 3,688,000 people, including 324,000 jews (8.78%). in 1880-1913 period, total of 2,019,000 people emigrated hungary us. thus, estimated 177,000 jews emigrated hungary during total period.)

the net loss judaism due conversions relatively low before end of great war: 240 people/year between 1896-1900, 404 between 1901-1910, , 435 people/year between 1911-1917. according records, 10,530 people left judaism, , 2,244 converted judaism between 1896 , 1917.

the majority (75.7%) of jewish population reported hungarian primary language, counted ethnically hungarian in census. yiddish speakers counted ethnically german. according classification, 6.94% of ethnic hungarians , 11.63% of germans of hungary jewish. in total, hungarian speakers made 54.45% majority in hungary; german speakers (including spoke yiddish), made 10.42% of population.

population of capital, budapest, 23% jewish. community had established numerous religious , educational institutions. pest more jewish buda. due prosperity , large jewish community of city, budapest referred jewish mecca @ time karl lueger, mayor of vienna referred capital judapest, alluding high proportion of jews.

jews in hungary long prevented owning land, resulted in many going business. in 1910, 60.96% of merchants, 58.11% of book printers, 41.75% of innkeepers, 24.42% of bakers, 24.07% of butchers, 21.04% of tailors, , 8.90% of shoemakers of hungary jewish. 48.5% of physicians in country (2701 out of 5565) jewish. in 1893-1913 period, jews made 20% of students of gimnázium high school (where classical subjects emphasized) students , 37% of reál high school (where practical subjects emphasized).

the strong class divisions of hungary represented in jewish population. 3.1% of jews belonged large employer , agricultural landowner of more 100 hold, i.e. 57 hectares class, 3.2% small (<100 hold) landholder class, 34.4% working , i.e. wage-earning employee class, while 59.3% belonged self-employed or salary-earning middle class.

there religious division, 3 denominations. budapest, south , west had neolog majority (related modern conservative , reform judaism- kipah , organ both used in religious worship in synagogues). traditionalists ( status quo ante ) smallest of three, in north. east , north of country overwhelmingly orthodox (more orthodox status quo ante ). in broad terms, jews ancestors had come moravia in 18th century tended become neolog @ split in 1869; ancestors galicia identified orthodox.

in absolute numbers, budapest had far largest number of jews (203 thousand), followed nagyvárad (oradea) 15 thousand, Újpest , miskolc 10 thousand each, máramarossziget (sighetu marmaţiei), munkács (mukachevo), pozsony (bratislava), debrecen 8 thousand, kolozsvár (cluj-napoca), szatmárnémeti (satu mare), temesvár (timișoara), kassa (košice) 7 thousand each.

jewish population percentage of total in 1910

in these lists following notation used:

n = neolog majority; n = neolog minority; q = status quo ante majority; q = status quo ante minority; x = orthodox majority; x = orthodox minority; * = chasidic dynasty present

if town , village had orthodox community, not marked.

the town or village belonged sl = slovakia, ro = romania, ge = germany, = italy, cr = croatia between 1941 , 1944.

the unmarked communities under hungarian rule during holocaust.

the pronunciation of hungarian names consistent: s= sh, sz= s, c= cz [until ww1]= tz, cs= ch, zs= zh, gy= dy, ly= y, j= y.

the list of rendezett tanácsú or törvényhatósági jogú (i.e. autonomous) towns jewish population exceeded 5% were:

munkács (mukachevo) 44.4% *,
máramarossziget (sighetu marmaţiei) 37.4% *,
ungvár (uzhhorod) 31.4% *xn, bártfa (bardejov sl) 30.4%, beregszász (berehove) 30.2% *,
sátoraljaújhely 28.7% *xq,
nagyvárad (oradea) 23.6% xn, budapest 23.1% nx, nyitra (nitra sl) 22.4% *,
szilágysomlyó (Şimleu silvaniei) 20.9%, bánffyhunyad (huedin) 20.7%, szatmárnémeti (satu mare) 20.6% *{satmar}xq, miskolc 20.0% *,
dés (dej) 18.9% *, Újpest, part of budapest 18.4% n,
trencsén (trenčín sl) 16.7%, késmárk (kežmarok sl) 16.6%, losonc (lučenec) 16.5% nx, eperjes (prešov sl) 16.4%, zsolna (Žilina sl) 16.0%,
nagykároly (carei) 15.5%, pápa 15.3% *{puppa}, kassa (košice) 15.2% *nx,
léva (levice) 14.3% q, nagyszombat (trnava sl) 14.0%,
kaposvár 13.9% n, gyulafehérvár (alba iulia ro) 13.7%, kisszeben (sabinov sl) 13.3%, poprád (poprad sl) 13.0%,
nagykanizsa 12.7% n, győr 12.6% nx, gyöngyös 12.6% qx, zalaegerszeg 12.4% n, szepesváralja (spišské podhradie sl) 12.4%,
hátszeg (hațeg ro) 11.8%, besztercebánya (banská bystrica sl) 11.7%, kolozsvár (cluj-napoca) 11.6% *{sanz-klausenburg}xn, szamosújvár (gherla) 11.3%, vác 11.2%,
beszterce (bistriţa) 10.9%, nagybánya (baia mare) 10.9%, szászrégen (reghin) 10.8% *, komárom 10.7% nx, pozsony (bratislava sl, pressburg) 10.5%, nyíregyháza 10.2% qx, szombathely 10.1% nx, arad (arad ro) 10.0%, rimaszombat (rimavská sobota) 10.0%,
baja 9.9% n, eger 9.5% *{erlau}qx, Érsekújvár (nové zámky) 9.5% xn, lőcse (levoča sl) 9.5%, lugos (lugoj ro) 9.5%, temesvár (timișoara ro) 9.3%, dicsőszentmárton (târnăveni ro) 9.2%, debrecen 9.1% *, déva (deva ro) 9.1%,
marosvásárhely (târgu mureş) 8.7% xq, rózsahegy (ružomberok sl) 8.7%, veszprém 8.6% n, székesfehérvár 8.3% nx, pécs 8.1% n,
fogaras (făgăraş ro) 7.8%, rozsnyó (rožňava) 7.5% n, jolsva (jelšava) 7.5%, bazin (pezinok sl) 7.5%, szolnok 7.2% n,
Újvidék (novi sad) 6.9% n, zólyom (zvolen sl) 6.9%, sopron (Ödenburg) 6.7% nx, nagyrőce (revúca sl) 6.7%, körmöcbánya (kremnica sl) 6.6%, csíkszereda (miercurea-ciuc) 6.5%, kolozs (cojocna) 6.5%, igló (spišská nová ves sl) 6.3%, felsőbánya (baia sprie) 6.1%, szepesbéla (spišská belá sl) 6.1%, hajdúnánás 6.0%,
szeged 5.8% n, makó 5.5% xn, kismarton (eisenstadt ge) 5.5%, szekszárd 5.6% n, karánsebes (caransebeş ro) 5.2%, zilah (zalău) 5.1%, esztergom 5.1% n.

in several towns, number of jews exceeded 1,000, ratio in local population less 5.0%. these towns included szabadka (subotica) nx 3539 jewish residents (3.7%), kecskemét 2022 (3.0%), békéscsaba 1970 (4.6%), fiume (rijeka it) 1696 (3.4%), hódmezővásárhely 1381 (2.2%), zenta(senta) * 1328 (4.5%), nagybecskerek (Зрењанин, zrenjanin) 1232 (4.7%), cegléd 1121 (3.3%), karcag 1077 (4.7%), kiskunfélegyháza 1051 (3.0%), , jászberény 1017 (3.4%).

other towns & villages significant jewish proportion in 1910 included:

alsókismartonhegy (now part of eisenstadt ge) 79.3%, tiszakarácsonyfa (crăciuneşti) 52.8%,
faluszlatina (solotvyno) 47.6%, sztropkó (stropkov sl) 44.1% *, dunaszerdahely (dunajská streda) 43.6% *, alsóverecke (Нижні Ворота, nyzhni vorota) 41.3%,
oroszvég (rosvehove, part of mukachevo) 39.5%, romoly (romuli) 39.2%, visóoroszi (ruscova) 37.5%,
homonna (humenné sl) 34.8%, tiszaújlak (Вилок, vylok) 34.8%, nagyberezna (Великий Березний, velyky berezny) 34.5%, mezőlaborc (medzilaborce sl) 34.3%,
nagykapos (veľké kapušany) 33.8%, beregkövesd (Кам янське, kamjans ke) 33.5%, hunfalva (huncovce sl) 33.2% *{unsdorf},
felsővisó (vişeu de sus) 32.9%, szaplonca (săpânţa) 32.6% *{spinka}, galánta (galanta) 32.4%, nagymihály (michalovce) 32.3%, majdánka (maydan) 31.8%,
halmi (halmeu) 30.7%, kisvárda 30.3%, liptószentmiklós (liptovský mikuláš sl) 30.3%, nagytapolcsány (topoľčany sl) 30.2%, rozália (rozavlea) 30.1%,
zboró (zborov sl) 29.7%, Ósándorfalva (Олександрівка, oleksandrivka (uk))
gálszécs (sečovce sl) 28.8%, nagyszőlős (vynohradiv) 28.6%, bacsó (Чабанівка, chabanivka) 28.5%, bustyaháza (Буштинo, bushtyno) 28.2%, kökényes (Терново, ternovo) 28.0%,
lakompak (lackenbach ge) 27.8%, varannó (vranov nad topľou sl) 27.4%,
benedeki (Бенедиківці, benedykivci) 26.9%, majszin (moisei) 26.8%, vágújhely (nové mesto nad váhom sl) 26.4%, szolyva (svaliava) 26.2%, hidalmás (hida) 26.0%,
szerednye (serednje, Середнє) 25.8%, dragomérfalva (dragomireşti) 25.7%, nagysomkút (Şomcuta mare) 25.4%, gánya (Ганичі, ganychi) 25.4%, vajnág (Вонігово, vonihovo 25.2%, bárdfalva (berbești) 25.1%,
ilosva (irshava) 24.9%, magyarlápos (târgu lăpuş) 24.6%, nagykirva (Криве, kryve) 24.6%, sasvár (Šaštín-stráže sl) 24.5%, szepesófalu (spišská stará ves sl) 24.4%, szobránc (sobrance) 24.3%, szabadszállás 24.3%, kisdobrony (Мала Добронь, mala dobron ) 24.2%, kabolapatak (valea hotarului) 24.2%, borsa (borşa) 24.2%,
tolcsva 23.5% *, németvágás (poruba pod vihorlatom sl) 23.3%, polena (Поляна, poljana) 23.2%, huszt (khust) 23.0% *,
mezőkaszony (Косонь, koson ) 22.9%, retteg (reteag) 22.9%, nagyilonda (ileanda) 22.7% tornalja (tornaľa sl) 22.5%, nyitrazsámbokrét (Žabokreky nad nitrou sl) 22.4%, taracköz (Тересва, teresva) 22.2%, uglya (Угля, uglja) 22.0%,
tokaj 21.9%, felsőapsa (Верхнє Водяне, verhnje vodjane) 21.9%, bilke (Білки, bilky) 21.8%, alőr (urişor) 21.8%, alsókubin (dolný kubín sl) 21.6%, margitta (marghita) 21.5%, alsókálinfalva (kalini) 21.5%, puhó (púchov sl) 21.1%, királyhelmec (kráľovský chlmec) 21.0%, petrova (petrova) 21.0%, szeklence (Сокирниця, sokyrnycja) 21.0%,
héthárs (lipany sl) 20.7%, balassagyarmat 20.6%, vásárosnamény 20.5%, kabold (kobersdorf ge) 20.2%, nyírmada 20.2%, nagymagyar (zlaté klasy) 20.2%, girált (giraltovce sl) 20.0%,
nagybiccse (bytča sl) 19.8%, alsóróna (rona de jos) 19.8%, Ökörmező (mizhhir ya) 19.7%, nagybocskó (velykyy bychkiv) 19.5%, mád 19.4%, bodrogkeresztúr 19.3% *{kerestir}, Érmihályfalva (valea lui mihai) 19.2%, havasmező (poienile de sub munte) 19.2%, beregkisfalud (Сільце, sil ce) 19.1%, bethlen (beclean) 19.0%, Úrmező (Руське Поле, rus ke pole) 19.0%, mátészalka 19.0%, abaújszántó 19.0%,
izaszacsal (săcel) 18.9%, nyírbátor 18.8%, irhóc (Вілхівці, vilkhivci) 18.8%, sopronkeresztúr (deutschkreutz ge) 18.6% *{tzelem}, putnok 18.1%, dombó (dubove) 18.1%,
bonyhád 17.8% xn, bözödújfalu (bezidu nou) 17.7%, felsővízköz (svidník sl) 17.7%, ilonca (Ільниця, il nycja) 17.7%, bán (bánovce nad bebravou sl) 17.6%, szikszó 17.3%, herincse (horynchovo) 17.2%, kissalló (now part of tekovské lužianky) 17.2%, csenger 17.2%,
budfalva (budeşti, bistriţa-năsăud) 16.9%, magyarnemegye (nimigea de jos) 16.9%, lemes (lemešany sl) 16.8%, naszód (năsăud) 16.7% *, volóc (Воловець, volovec ) 16.2%, lipcse (Липча, lypcha) 16.1%,
zsibó (jibou) 15.9%, ipolyság (Šahy) 15.7%, encs 15.7%, szinérváralja (seini) 15.6%,
balatonboglár 15.4% n, tab 15.3%, barcánfalva (bârsana) 15.2%, kovácsrét (Кушниця, kusnycja 15.1%, boldogasszony (frauenkirchen ge) 15.1%, szerencs 15.1%, radnótfája (iernuţeni, part of reghin) 15.0%, szilágycseh (cehu silvaniei) 15.0%,
szenice (senica sl) 14.9%, alsóhidegpatak (Нижний Студенї, nyzhny studeni) 14.9%, técső (tiachiv) 14.8% *, jód (ieud) 14.8%, turócszentmárton (martin sl) 14.7%, Ölyvös (Вільхівка, vil khivka) 14.7%, alsóvisó (viseu de jos) 14.6%,
olaszliszka 14.4% *{liske}, alsószinevér (sinevir) 14.3%, kövesliget (Драгово, drahovo) 14.3%, felsőszelistye (săliştea de sus) 14.2%, alsólendva (lendava) 14.0%, borgóprund (prundu bârgăului) 14.0%,
tapolca 13.8% n, keszthely 13.8% n, rohod 13.8%, galgóc (hlohovec sl) 13.7%, hodász 13.6%, nagymarton (mattersdorf ge) 13.5% *, avasújfalu (certeze) 13.5%,
fehérgyarmat 13.4%, alsóapsa (Нижня Апша, nyzhnja apsha) 13.4%, királyháza (Королеве, korolevo) 13.4%, aszód 13.3% n, tasnád (tăşnad) 13.3%,
levelek 12.9%, Ólubló (stará Ľubovňa sl) 12.8%, jánosháza 12.7%, nyírbogát 12.7%, Élesd (aleşd) 12.7%, vaján (vojany) 12.6%, vitka (now part of vásárosnamény) 12.5%,
jármi 12.4%, rahó (rakhiv) 12.3%, mándok 12.3%, vágbeszterce (považská bystrica sl) 12.3%, szamossályi 12.2%, nyírtass 12.2% *{tosh}, csaroda 12.1%, gergelyi 12.1%, berettyóújfalu 12.1%, nyírmeggyes 12.0%,
sajószentpéter 11.9%, csáktornya (Čakovec) 11.9% n, gemzse 11.9%, nyírbakta 11.8%, aranyosmarót (zlaté moravce sl) 11.8%, jóka (jelka) 11.7%, nagyatád 11.6% n, szentgotthárd 11.6% n, siófok 11.5% n, pöstyén (piešťany sl) 11.5%,
nagykálló 11.3% *{kaliv}, beled 11.3%, ilk 11.3%, vaja 11.3%, gernyés (Копашньово, kopashn ovo) 11.3%, nagysurány (Šurany) 11.2%, vilmány 11.2%, erdőbénye 11.1%, gyömöre 11.1%, nagysimonyi 11.0%, nyírjákó 11.0%, sárospatak 11.0%
zalaszentgrót 10.9% n, dolha (Довге, dovhe) 10.8%, nyírcsászári 10.8%, párkány (Štúrovo) 10.7% n, szécsény 10.7%, iza (iza) 10.7%, kemecse 10.6%, nagymegyer (veľký meder) 10.6%, hernádcsány (Čaňa) 10.6%, avasújváros (oraşu nou) 10.5%,
barcs 10.3% n, szenc (senec) 10.3%, lövőpetri 10.2%, szinna (snina sl) 10.1%, avasfelsőfalu (negrești-oaș) 10.1%, szepsi (moldava nad bodvou) 10.0%, magosliget 10.0%, petneháza 10.0%,
tiszalök 9.9%, kisvarsány 9.9%, Újfehértó 9.8% *{ratzfert}, hőgyész 9.7%, csorna 9.7%, hidasnémeti 9.7%, dombóvár 9.6%, demecser 9.6%, maroshévíz (toplița) 9.6%, holics (holíč sl) 9.6%, nagypalád (Велика Паладь, velyka palad ) 9.6%, garbolc 9.6%, ramocsaháza 9.6%, szabolcsbáka 9.5%, mezőcsát 9.5%, olcsva 9.5%, erzsébetfalva (now part of budapest) 9.5%,
Ónod 9.3%, vámosmikola 9.2%, büdszentmihály (now part of tiszavasvári) 9.1%, gyüre 9.1%, hejőcsaba 9.1%, aranyosmeggyes (medieșu aurit) 9.1%, privigye (prievidza sl) 9.1%, pásztó 9.1%, nyárádszereda (miercurea nirajului) 9.0%, porcsalma 9.0%,
tarcal 8.9%, illava (ilava sl) 8.9%, ond 8.9%, körmend 8.8% n, Ópályi 8.8%, egeres (aghireșu) 8.7%, verebély (vráble) 8.6%, nagygéc 8.6%, veszprém 8.6%, szilágypér (pir) 8.6%, céke (cejkov) 8.6%, zalalövő 8.5%, muraszombat (murska sobota) 8.5% n, sásd 8.5%, gyulaháza 8.5%, szendrő 8.5%,
cégénydányád 8.4%, perecseny (Перечин, perechyn), 8.4%, vágsellye (Šaľa) 8.4%, kersemjén 8.4%, szurduk (surduc) 8.4%, sárvár 8.3% xn, marcali 8.3% n, edelény 8.3%, szigetvár 8.3%, fülesd 8.3%, tiszaadony 8.3%, kraszna (crasna) 8.3%, celldömölk 8.3%, vármező (buciumi) 8.2%, visk (Вишковo, vyshkovo) 8.1%, diszel 8.1%, feled (jesenské sl) 8.1%, fülek (fiľakovo) 8.0%, paks 8.0%,
tata 7.9% n, ruttka (vrútky sl) 7.9%, nyírbogdány 7.9%, oszlány (oslany sl)) 7.8%, boldogkőváralja 7.8%, kisbér 7.8%, tállya 7.7%, bercel 7.7%, gönc 7.7%, csaca (Čadca sl) 7.7%, nagyecsed 7.6% *, farkasrév (vadu izei) 7.6%, eszék (osijek cr) 7.5%, nyíracsád 7.5%, nyírkarász 7.5%, széphalom 7.5%,
salgótarján 7.4%, balatonfüred 7.4%, gégény 7.4%, tiszaszentmárton 7.4%, szirák 7.3%, csabrendek 7.3%, dámóc 7.3%, szatmárcseke 7.3%, hatvan 7.2% n, sárbogárd 7.2%, telcs (telciu) 7.2%, devecser 7.1%, moson (wieselburg, part of mosonmagyaróvár) 7.1% q, városszalónak (stadtschlaining ge) 7.1%, Álmosd 7.1%, apc 7.0%, Óradna (rodna) 7.0%, liptóújvár (liptovský hrádok sl)) 7.0%, csákigorbó (gârbou) 7.0%, nyírmihálydi 7.0%, tiszadada 7.0%,
fábiánháza 6.9%, gulács 6.9%, kővágóörs 6.8%, vajszló 6.8%, tiszafüred 6.8%, pacsa 6.8% n, belovár (bjelovar cr) 6.8%, bercsényifalva (Дубриничі, dubrynychi) 6.8%, apahida (apahida) 6.8%, borszék (borsec) 6.7%, alsószopor (supuru de jos) 6.6%, ricse 6.6%, nagytétény (now part of budapest) 6.5%, dombrád 6.5%,
podolin (podolínec sl) 6.4%, liptótepla (liptovská teplá sl)) 6.4%, talaborfalu (Теребля), tereblja 6.4%, rohonc (rechnitz ge) 6.3%, malacka (malacky sl) 6.3%, földes 6.3%, kapolcs 6.3%, rajka 6.3%, pécel 6.2% q, vámospércs 6.2%, aknasugatag (ocna Şugatag) 6.1%, nagydobrony (Велика Добронь, velyka dobron ) 6.0%, sümeg 6.0%,
kapuvár 5.9%, harkány 5.9%, rákosszentmihály (now part of budapest) 5.9%, nyírlugos 5.8%, pécsvárad 5.8%, kaba 5.8%, tinnye 5.8%, salánk (Шаланки, shalanky) 5.8%, hajdúsámson 5.7%, tét 5.7%, alistál (dolný Štál) 5.7%, mezőkeresztes 5.7%, mohács 5.6% n, tamási 5.6% n, kapronca (koprivnica cr) 5.6%, pincehely 5.6%, kispest (now part of budapest) 5.5% n, vasvár 5.5% n, pozsega (požega cr) 5.5%, bród (slavonski brod cr) 5.5%, harsány 5.5%,
zágráb (zagreb cr) 5.4%, tarpa 5.2%, tiszabő 5.4%, szakoly 5.4%, derecske 5.3%, kistarcsa 5.3%, vadna 5.3%, verpelét 5.3%, villány 5.3%, kunmadaras 5.2%, kalocsa 5.1% n, sziszek (sisak cr) 5.0%, enying 5.0%, piliscsaba 5.0%, pócspetri 5.0%, monor 5.0%.

counties jewish population, including autonomous towns, reached 4% or more were

máramaros 18.4%, bereg 14.2%, ugocsa 12.9%, ung 10.9%
zemplén 9.6%, szabolcs 7.9%, szatmár 7.4%, sáros 7.1%, abaúj-torna 7.1%,
bihar 6.4%, hajdú 6.0%, pozsony 5.8%, beszterce-naszód 5.7%, nyitra 5.0%, szolnok-dobóka 5.1%,
szilágy 4.3%, kolozs 4.3%, szepes 4.3%.




^ decree quicken process of race validation, may 16, 1942 - quoted in fegyvertelen álltak az aknamezőkön, 1962, edited elek karsai, volume 2, page 8
^ magyar statisztikai szemle 1939-10, p.1115
^ encyclopædia britannica 1911, budapest article
^ 0479.png . mek.niif.hu. retrieved 2013-02-13. 
^ 0400.png . mek.niif.hu. retrieved 2013-02-13. 
^ raphael patai, jews of hungary: history, culture, psychology p.435
^ magyarország tortenete, 1890-1918, budapest, 1978, p. 465