History Ganado, Arizona

1 history

1.1 ancients , legends
1.2 apaches de nabajó
1.3 jilhéél & kin naazinii (upstanding house)
1.4 new spain
1.5 invasion , ganado mucho
1.6 hubbell trading post
1.7 americanization of navajo children , boarding school
1.8 modern ganado since 2000

history
ancients , legends

the earliest peoples in region believed have been nomadic hunters in search of big game roaming throughout 4 corners region. next wave of inhabitants believed have been smaller hunter-gatherer communities of similar nomadic characteristic. believed archaic forms of agriculture came pueblo colorado river valley around 1800bce.

the first permanent residents of ganado region (comprising greater ganado, kinlichee, burnside, , cornfields) basketmaker anasazi (navajo term). ruins of homesteads scattered throughout pueblo colorado river valley, among red clay hills surrounding ganado, , on escarpment west. significant agricultural advancement seen in first millennium. largest anazasi ruin @ ganado wide reeds ruin, along floodplain of pueblo colorado river near present-day ganado wash bridge; , believed have been constructed around year ad 1276.

modern understanding of historical record left behind anasazi exhibits massive network of villages, storehouses, , fortified structures throughout colorado plateau region. stretching mesa verde in north, chaco canyon in east, keet seel (kitsʼiil) , betatakin (bitátʼahkin) , wupatki in west, trading routes can traced through ganado region far south mexico. pottery fragments found through area show wide array of design , utility, both local , foreign ganado. largest population center in era near ganado, 30 miles north @ canyon de chelly.

between ad 1276 , 1299, archaeologist have recorded period of great drought, leading (among other causes) eventual end of influence of anasazi on ganado region.

apaches de nabajó

it not known when ancestors of current ganado community arrived in pueblo colorado river valley, though suggest after ad 1400. historical record left behind shows first navajo people of hunter-gatherer communities, evolved nexus of agrarian society , pastoral society conditions of pueblo colorado river valley suited. empowered evolutionary dry farming techniques acquired via neighboring puebloan peoples, ganado community s main crops consisted of beans, corn, peaches , squash.

the ganado navajo, modern people today, speakers of na-dené southern athabaskan languages known diné bizaad (lit. people s language ). archaeological data suggests these peoples arrived in pueblo colorado river valley in 15th century. navajo language retains cultural , linguistic aspects of primary dialect.

when spanish conquistadors arrived in upper southwestern arizona-new mexico region, encountered these peoples, , subsequently named them apaches de nabajó though distant relatives of apache peoples, these apaches de nabajó different in both lineage , pathways ganado area, other apache bands.

jilhéél & kin naazinii (upstanding house)

a mix of oral legend , archeology suggest singer, , warrior/ runner jilhéél(not translated, refers war club) came ganado area in 18th century. believed traveled extensively , lived amongst puebloan people along rio grande, , migrated many of them refuge of dinetah @ start of spanish invasion , occupation of modern-day arizona , new mexico.

in jilhéél, believed, came many of cultural, architectural , agricultural influences greater ganado region. research suggests jilhéél contributed construction of fortifications north , south, notably in hills east of wide ruins 15 miles southeast of ganado. archaeologist david m. brugge offers jilhéél might have been local headman of mid-1770s, possibly refugee awatobi, considering clan(tachii nii) , move black mountain, refuge of tobacco tachii nii people awatobi. oral history research suggests inhabited wide ruins, (meaning anasazi site) and, few miles north wide ruins wash, @ citadel of kin naazinii (upstanding house) ; if not contributed construction - of elder daalgai - navajo fortified pueblito archaeologists date @ 1720-1805 (nlc, site s-mlc-up-l; bannister , others 1966:8; navajo nation 1967:263, 271, 285; gilpin 1996). thus, jilhéél believed have traveled between here north canyon de chelly regularly.

oral histories tells of jilhéél carried gigantic arrows, , had enormous feet. sight of footprints struck terror in enemies. hunter run down deer; others knew various healing , war ceremonies. of red streak water (tachii nii) clan , later moved black mountain. fame amongst navajo oral history known amongst various historical families. of attributes may reflect late pre- hispanic iconography (big feet, example, common petroglyph motif). these pre- hispanic associations of jilhéél, idea wide ruins kind of boundary place between hopi , zuni zones ..., makes 1 wonder if north-south travel corridor through wide ruins canyon de chelly have been late s land conceptualized lablanc (1999:70, 333) between settlement clusters older.

north-south corridor jilhéél stalked encompasses string of places names came incidents of raiding , warfare before fort sumner captivity. several recorded navajo oral histories tell stories (hutr oral history interviews 21, 36, 44, 142; kelley , francis 1993-2005, project kf9906, 5/21 , 6/17/99, , project kf9507, 8/14/98). place names, south north, anaa hajiina (where enemy came up) north of chambers; dzilgha adahjéé (where white mountain apaches ran down or hilltop descent), near ganado , , modern day location of ganado mucho s burial site; , dzilgha haaskai (white mountain apaches went up, or hilltop ascent) near chinle, arizona (see map 1). places near ganado , chinle places apaches came south corridor , massacred navajos. (see nequatewa 1967:52 , stephen 1930:1018-1019 hopi accounts of killing of hopis navajos in 1858 west of ganado; local navajo accounts apparently of same incident have been recorded [hutr interviews 44 , 142], 1 of describes massacre apache attack on navajos, perhaps reflecting confusion between name white mountain apaches , identical word hilltop).

new spain

vázquez de coronado sets out north (1540) frederic remington, oil on canvas, 1905

as result of ganado s location @ crossroads of ancient trade routes , pueblos, francisco vásquez de coronado s exploration party passed near ganado area in ad 1540-1542 en route famous hopi villages 50 miles west. spanish colonial , later sources beginning 1540 spanish entrada (a detachment of coronado expedition) record indigenous trails linking wide ruins area zuni , awatobi (bartlett 1940; kessell , hendricks 1992:553; adams 1963; chaves , warner 1976; van valkenburgh 1991 {1941:115-116}; walker , shepard 1964 {1859}; cushing 1965 {1882}.

the coronado expedition 1540–1542

as silver mines funded greater , greater spanish expansion frontier of new spain, king philip ii of spain directed conquistador juan de oñate begin establishing holy see missions in nuevo méxico. roman catholicism spread, 1629, mission of san bernardino established @ awátobi party of 4 franciscans headed father francisco de porras , hopi villages architecturally accommodating built population centers.

spanish traffic sustained la villa real de la santa fe de san francisco de asís outlying hopi mission until 1680 popé s rebellion. in spring of ad 1700 father juan garaycoecha visited remains of hopi mission @ request of inhabitants ; later year, remaining mission after destroyed. years ad 1778 1780 saw first recorded drought experienced european , tribal historians alike, , devastating regional population. spanish withdrawal region encompassing ganado, continued until american invasion of 1800s.

navajo , hopi oral traditions tell how people escaped , joined navajos in surrounding countryside near , far, giving rise tobacco tachii nii clan (clinton 1990, brugge 1985, 1994; courlander 1971).

invasion , ganado mucho

the ganado area remained relatively independent rebellions of european ethnicity @ santa fe until ad 1849. ganado s first event under american government came when hopi delegation sent santa fe in ad 1850. in ad 1858, joseph christmas ives led expedition through area near ganado. ad 1821, navajo people had been engaged in navajo wars against spanish, mexican, , american invaders until 1864 forced removal homelands. exodus known long walk, not see legal navajo return until june 18, 1868.

one navajo elder said of long walk:

by slow stages traveled eastward present gallup , chusbbito, bear spring, called fort wingate. ask how treated us? if there room soldiers put women , children on wagons. let them ride behind them on horses. have never been able understand people killed 1 day , on next played children...?

by ad 1869, ganado area had been occupied united states government @ fort defiance.

during long walk, diné chief totsohnii hastiin (pronounced toe-so-knee haaus-teen)(navajo man of big water clan), famously known ganado mucho (1809-1893), along other leaders targeted united states (such manuelito) fled haven of grand canyon. of both hopi , navajo ancestry, ganado mucho cautious man inclined toward diplomacy . during ad 1859 1861 period of resistance fighting, ganado mucho led ganado area on policy of neutrality. maneuver protected navajo residents of ganado s wealth, held in livestock, united states confiscation kit carson.

by 1866, ganado mucho surrendered , remanded bosque redondo reservation near fort sumner, new mexico. when he, barboncito , manuelito arrived, found james henry carleton s experiment of resettlement complete failure. while held in custody there, ganado mucho s son murdered. addressed directly new mexican superintendent of indian affairs - a. baldwin norton - , condemned conditions @ bosque redondo. after treaty of 1868, ganado mucho , community returned ganado. following, ganado mucho appointed subchief of western navajo general william tecumseh sherman. lived there until death, , buried on hillside between ganado , cornfields.

hubbell trading post

hubbell , weaver in front of post in 1890s

the first american settlements in ganado area located near ganado lake, , established in 1871 trading post owned charles crary. second post operated old man william b. leonard opened after. these trading posts established service navajo people after formation of fort defiance indian reservation, means provide goods not locally available.

hubbell trading post national historic site

the first name settlement pueblo colorado when don lorenzo hubbell (nov 27, 1853 - november 12, 1930) moved area in ad 1876. 2 years later, purchased world-famous homestead, trading post , out buildings william leonard, constructed in ad 1874. legend says in effort not confuse visitors in area pueblo, colorado, hubbell changed name of settlement ganado in honor of ganado mucho, twelfth signer of navajo peace treaty of 1868.

born anglo father, , spanish mother, hubbell raised @ pajarito mesa, new mexico. twenty 3 when relocated ganado. married lina rubi, , couple had 2 sons (roman , lorenzo jr.) , 2 daughters (adele , barbara). family added onto current adobe building become famous hubbell home, hosted such guests theodore roosevelt. hubbell garden contained virginia creeper, lawn, native wild , yellow roses, lilac , yucca.

hubbell died in ad 1930, , youngest son, roman hubbell, assumed management duties. stone hogan(cottage) constructed roman , wife dorothy in ad 1930s memorial elder hubbell. upon roman s death in ad 1957, dorothy maintained operations until ad 1967 when national park service acquired homestead. hubbell, wife, 3 of children, daughter-in-law, , granddaughter buried on cone-shaped hill northwest of trading post. many horses, son of ganado mucho, interred @ hubbell family cemetery.

hubbell contributed encouraging ganado textiles market , local navajo weaving houses.

other retail trading posts included ganado trading, , shillingburg s (later round top). presbyterian church established mission, school , hospital in ganado in ad 1901.

americanization of navajo children , boarding school

the hidden cost of navajo relocation united states government felt in many ways. direct in forced removal of children boarding schools late 19th century 20th century. many ganado area youth sent such government , christian boardings schools such @ fort apache. in cases, children far removed families foreign locations. research has shown such americanization practices boarding schools, employed first captain richard henry pratt served destroy last vestiges of navajo identity, , ganado children during period not immune such inhumane practices. pratt s systemic americanization of native americans forced cultural assimilation, used model indian boarding schools on america, later regarded form of cultural genocide.

modern ganado since 2000

the ganado community today of advanced communities on navajo nation. agricultural parcels managed local board of farming advocates, , surrounding ranches sources of organic beef , mutton. high school men , woman basketball teams state renowned gamesmanship. sage memorial hospital serves thousands of hopi , navajo patients, while affording ethnic navajo experience resident physicians , nurses. hubbell trading post hosts yearly art show in late summer includes displays of art, jewelry, , rug weaving. ganado rodeo club hosts events. greater ganado community quite active, , throughout winter months hold numerous navajo religious ceremonies. ganado municipal legislators contribute largely policy , decision making of navajo nation government, recently, in tribal decision reorganize membership of navajo nation council.

a navajo woman shows long, dense wool of navajo-churro ewe navajo girl.