Heat transfer Solar water heating

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direct systems: (a) passive chs system tank above collector. (b) active system pump , controller driven photovoltaic panel.


direct or open loop systems circulate potable water through collectors. relatively cheap. drawbacks include:



they offer little or no overheat protection unless have heat export pump.
they offer little or no freeze protection, unless collectors freeze-tolerant.
collectors accumulate scale in hard water areas, unless ion-exchange softener used.

the advent of freeze-tolerant designs expanded market swh colder climates. in freezing conditions, earlier models damaged when water turned ice, rupturing 1 or more components.


indirect

indirect or closed loop systems use heat exchanger transfer heat heat-transfer fluid (htf) fluid potable water. common htf antifreeze/water mix typically uses non-toxic propylene glycol. after heating in panels, htf travels heat exchanger, heat transferred potable water. indirect systems offer freeze protection , typically overheat protection.







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