Subtraction by hand Subtraction

1 subtraction hand

1.1 austrian method
1.2 subtraction left right
1.3 american method
1.4 trade first
1.5 partial differences
1.6 nonvertical methods

1.6.1 counting up
1.6.2 breaking subtraction
1.6.3 same change

subtraction hand
austrian method

example:

subtraction left right

example:

american method

in method, each digit of subtrahend subtracted digit above starting right left. if top number small subtract bottom number it, add 10 it; 10 borrowed top digit left, subtract 1 from. move on subtracting next digit , borrowing needed, until every digit has been subtracted. example:

trade first

a variant of american method borrowing done before subtraction.

example:

partial differences

the partial differences method different other vertical subtraction methods because no borrowing or carrying takes place. in place, 1 places plus or minus signs depending on whether minuend greater or smaller subtrahend. sum of partial differences total difference.

example:

nonvertical methods
counting up

instead of finding difference digit digit, 1 can count numbers between subtrahend , minuend.

example: 1234 − 567 = can found following steps:

567 + 3 = 570
570 + 30 = 600
600 + 400 = 1000
1000 + 234 = 1234

add value each step total difference: 3 + 30 + 400 + 234 = 667.

breaking subtraction

another method useful mental arithmetic split subtraction small steps.

example: 1234 − 567 = can solved in following way:

1234 − 500 = 734
734 − 60 = 674
674 − 7 = 667

same change

the same change method uses fact adding or subtracting same number minuend , subtrahend not change answer. 1 adds amount needed zeros in subtrahend.

example:

1234 − 567 = can solved follows:

1234 − 567 = 1237 − 570 = 1267 − 600 = 667




^ many ways of arithmetic in ucsmp everyday mathematics subtraction: trade first
^ partial-differences subtraction; many ways of arithmetic in ucsmp everyday mathematics subtraction: partial differences
^ many ways of arithmetic in ucsmp everyday mathematics subtraction: counting up
^ many ways of arithmetic in ucsmp everyday mathematics subtraction: left right subtraction
^ many ways of arithmetic in ucsmp everyday mathematics subtraction: same change rule